What power factor should i use

The power factor defined by IEEE and IEC is the ratio between the applied active true power - and the apparent power , and can in general be expressed as:.

A low power factor is the result of inductive loads such as transformers and electric motors. Unlike resistance loads creating heat by consuming kilowatts, inductive loads require a current flow to create magnetic fields to produce the desired work. International standards such as IEC have been established to control current waveform distortion by introducing limits for the amplitude of current harmonics. If the power factor is close to 1 a purely resistive circuit the supply system with transformers, cables, switch-gear and UPS could be made considerably smaller.

A low power factor is expensive and inefficient and some utility companies may charge additional fees when the power factor is less than 0. A low power factor will reduce the electrical system's distribution capacity by increasing the current flow and causing voltage drops.

Inductive and capacitive loads stores energy in magnetic or electric fields in the devices during parts of the AC cycles. The energy is returned back to the power source during the rest of the cycles. In systems with mainly inductive loads - typically industrial plants with many electric motors - the lagging voltage are compensated with capacitor banks.

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Power factor correction is obtained via the connection of capacitors which produce reactive energy in opposition to the energy absorbed by loads such as motors, locally close to the load. This improves the power factor from the point where the reactive power source is connected, preventing the unnecessary circulation of current in the network. The selection of PFC equipment should be done according to the following four-step process, by persons with the relevant skills:.

The location of low-voltage capacitors in an installation can either be central one location for the entire installation , by sector section-by-section , at load level, or a combination of the latter two.

In principle, the ideal compensation is applied at a point of consumption and at the level required at any moment in time. In practice, technical and economic factors govern the choice.

Different types of compensation should be adopted depending on the performance requirements and complexity of control:. Operating conditions have a great impact on the life expectancy of capacitors, so the following parameters should be taken into account:.

Some loads variable speed motors, static converters, welding machines, arc furnaces, fluorescent lamps, etc. Working power and reactive power make up Apparent Power, which is called kVA, kilovolt-amperes. A high PF benefits both the customer and utility, while a low PF indicates poor utilization of electrical power.

Here is an example. Because Edisto Electric must supply both the kW and kVA needs of all customers, the higher the PF is, the more efficient our distribution system becomes.

Improving the PF can maximize current-carrying capacity, improve voltage to equipment, reduce power losses, and lower electric bills. The simplest way to improve power factor is to add PF correction capacitors to the electrical system.